There are many resources for network automation with Ansible. Most of them only expose the first steps or limit themselves to a narrow scope. They give no clue on how to expand from that. Real network environments may be large, versatile, heterogeneous, and filled with exceptions. The lack of real-world examples for Ansible deployments, unlike Puppet and SaltStack, leads many teams to build brittle and incomplete automation solutions.

We have released under an open-source license our attempt to tackle this problem:

• Jerikan, a tool to build configuration files from a single source of truth and Jinja2 templates, along with its integration into the GitLab CI system;
• an Ansible playbook to deploy these configuration files on network devices; and
• the configuration data and the templates for our, now defunct, datacenters in San Francisco and South Korea, covering many vendors (Facebook Wedge 100, Dell S4048 and S6010, Juniper QFX 5110, Juniper QFX 10002, Cisco ASR 9001, Cisco Catalyst 2960, Opengear console servers, and Linux), and many functionalities (provisioning, BGP-to-the-host routing, edge routing, out-of-band network, DNS configuration, integration with NetBox and IRRs).

Here is a quick demo to configure a new peering:

This work is the collective effort of Cédric Hascoët, Jean-Christophe Legatte, Loïc Pailhas, Sébastien Hurtel, Tchadel Icard, and Vincent Bernat. We are the network team of Blade, a French company operating Shadow, a cloud-computing product. In May 2021, our company was bought by Octave Klaba and the infrastructure is being transferred to OVHcloud, saving Shadow as a product, but making our team redundant.

Our network was around 800 devices, spanning over 10 datacenters with more than 2.5 Tbps of available egress bandwidth. The released material is therefore a substantial example of managing a medium-scale network using Ansible. We have left out the handling of our legacy datacenters to make the final result more readable while keeping enough material to not turn it into a trivial example.

Jerikan#

The first component is Jerikan. As input, it takes a list of devices, configuration data, templates, and validation scripts. It generates a set of configuration files for each device. Ansible could cover this task, but it has the following limitations:

• it is slow;
• errors are difficult to debug;¹ and
• the hierarchy to look up a variable is rigid.

If you want to follow the examples, you only need to have Docker and Docker Compose installed. Clone the repository and you are ready!

Source of truth#

We use YAML files, versioned with Git, as the single source of truth instead of using a database, like NetBox, or a mix of a database and text files. This provides many advantages:

• anyone can use their preferred text editor;
• the team prepares changes in branches;
• the team reviews changes using merge requests;
• the merge requests expose the changes to the generated configuration files;
• rollback to a previous state is easy; and
• it is fast.

The first file is devices.yaml. It contains the device list. The second file is classifier.yaml. It defines a scope for each device. A scope is a set of keys and values. It is used in templates and to look up data associated with a device.

$ ./run-jerikan scope to1-p1.sk1.blade-group.net
continent: apac
environment: prod
groups:
- tor
- tor-bgp
- tor-bgp-compute
host: to1-p1.sk1
location: sk1
member: '1'
model: dell-s4048
os: cumulus
pod: '1'
shorthost: to1-p1

The device name is matched against a list of regular expressions and the scope is extended by the result of each match. For to1-p1.sk1.blade-group.net, the following subset of classifier.yaml defines its scope:

matchers:
  - '^(([^.]*)\..*)\.blade-group\.net':
      environment: prod
      host: '\1'
      shorthost: '\2'
  - '\.(sk1)\.':
      location: '\1'
      continent: apac
  - '^to([12])-[as]?p(\d+)\.':
      member: '\1'
      pod: '\2'
  - '^to[12]-p\d+\.':
      groups:
        - tor
        - tor-bgp
        - tor-bgp-compute
  - '^to[12]-(p|ap)\d+\.sk1\.':
      os: cumulus
      model: dell-s4048

The third file is searchpaths.py. It describes which directories to search for a variable. A Python function provides a list of paths to look up in data/ for a given scope. Here is a simplified version:²

def searchpaths(scope):
    paths = [
        "host/{scope[location]}/{scope[shorthost]}",
        "location/{scope[location]}",
        "os/{scope[os]}-{scope[model]}",
        "os/{scope[os]}",
        'common'
    ]
    for idx in range(len(paths)):
        try:
            paths[idx] = paths[idx].format(scope=scope)
        except KeyError:
            paths[idx] = None
    return [path for path in paths if path]

With this definition, the data for to1-p1.sk1.blade-group.net is looked up in the following paths:

$ ./run-jerikan scope to1-p1.sk1.blade-group.net
[…]
Search paths:
  host/sk1/to1-p1
  location/sk1
  os/cumulus-dell-s4048
  os/cumulus
  common

Variables are scoped using a namespace that should be specified when doing a lookup. We use the following ones:

• system for accounts, DNS, syslog servers, …
• topology for ports, interfaces, IP addresses, subnets, …
• bgp for BGP configuration
• build for templates and validation scripts
• apps for application variables

When looking up for a variable in a given namespace, Jerikan looks for a YAML file named after the namespace in each directory in the search paths. For example, if we look up a variable for to1-p1.sk1.blade-group.net in the bgp namespace, the following YAML files are processed: host/sk1/to1-p1/bgp.yaml, location/sk1/bgp.yaml, os/cumulus-dell-s4048/bgp.yaml, os/cumulus/bgp.yaml, and common/bgp.yaml. The search stops at the first match.

The schema.yaml file allows us to override this behavior by asking to merge dictionaries and arrays across all matching files.³ Here is an excerpt of this file for the topology namespace:

system:
  users:
    merge: hash
  sampling:
    merge: hash
  ansible-vars:
    merge: hash
  netbox:
    merge: hash

The last feature of the source of truth is the ability to use Jinja2 templates for keys and values by prefixing them with “~”:

# In data/os/junos/system.yaml
netbox:
  manufacturer: Juniper
  model: "~{{ model|upper }}"

# In data/groups/tor-bgp-compute/system.yaml
netbox:
  role: net_tor_gpu_switch

Looking up for netbox in the system namespace for to1-p2.ussfo03.blade-group.net yields the following result:

$ ./run-jerikan scope to1-p2.ussfo03.blade-group.net
continent: us
environment: prod
groups:
- tor
- tor-bgp
- tor-bgp-compute
host: to1-p2.ussfo03
location: ussfo03
member: '1'
model: qfx5110-48s
os: junos
pod: '2'
shorthost: to1-p2
[…]
Search paths:
[…]
  groups/tor-bgp-compute
[…]
  os/junos
  common
$ ./run-jerikan lookup to1-p2.ussfo03.blade-group.net system netbox
manufacturer: Juniper
model: QFX5110-48S
role: net_tor_gpu_switch

This also works for structured data:

# In groups/adm-gateway/topology.yaml
interface-rescue:
  address: "~{{ lookup('topology', 'addresses').rescue }}"
  up:
    - "~ip route add default via {{ lookup('topology', 'addresses').rescue|ipaddr('first_usable') }} table rescue"
    - "~ip rule add from {{ lookup('topology', 'addresses').rescue|ipaddr('address') }} table rescue priority 10"

# In groups/adm-gateway-sk1/topology.yaml
interfaces:
  ens1f0: "~{{ lookup('topology', 'interface-rescue') }}"

This yields the following result:

$ ./run-jerikan lookup gateway1.sk1.blade-group.net topology interfaces
[…]
ens1f0:
  address: 121.78.242.10/29
  up:
  - ip route add default via 121.78.242.9 table rescue
  - ip rule add from 121.78.242.10 table rescue priority 10

When putting data in the source of truth, we use the following rules:

1. Don’t repeat yourself.
2. Put the data in the most specific place without breaking the first rule.
3. Use templates with parsimony, mostly to help with the previous rules.
4. Restrict the data model to what is needed for your use case.

The first rule is important. For example, when specifying IP addresses for a point-to-point link, only specify one side and deduce the other value in the templates. The last rule means you do not need to mimic a BGP YANG model to specify BGP peers and policies:

peers:
  transit:
    cogent:
      asn: 174
      remote:
        - 38.140.30.233
        - 2001:550:2:B::1F9:1
      specific-import:
        - name: ATT-US
          as-path: ".*7018$"
          lp-delta: 50
  ix-sfmix:
    rs-sfmix:
      monitored: true
      asn: 63055
      remote:
        - 206.197.187.253
        - 206.197.187.254
        - 2001:504:30::ba06:3055:1
        - 2001:504:30::ba06:3055:2
    blizzard:
      asn: 57976
      remote:
        - 206.197.187.42
        - 2001:504:30::ba05:7976:1
      irr: AS-BLIZZARD

Templates#

The list of templates to compile for each device is stored in the source of truth, under the build namespace:

$ ./run-jerikan lookup edge1.ussfo03.blade-group.net build templates
data.yaml: data.j2
config.txt: junos/main.j2
config-base.txt: junos/base.j2
config-irr.txt: junos/irr.j2
$ ./run-jerikan lookup to1-p1.ussfo03.blade-group.net build templates
data.yaml: data.j2
config.txt: cumulus/main.j2
frr.conf: cumulus/frr.j2
interfaces.conf: cumulus/interfaces.j2
ports.conf: cumulus/ports.j2
dhcpd.conf: cumulus/dhcp.j2
default-isc-dhcp: cumulus/default-isc-dhcp.j2
authorized_keys: cumulus/authorized-keys.j2
motd: linux/motd.j2
acl.rules: cumulus/acl.j2
rsyslog.conf: cumulus/rsyslog.conf.j2

Templates are using Jinja2. This is the same engine used in Ansible. Jerikan ships some custom filters but also reuse some of the useful filters from Ansible, notably ipaddr. Here is an excerpt of templates/junos/base.j2 to configure DNS and NTP servers on Juniper devices:

system {
  ntp {
{% for ntp in lookup("system", "ntp") %}
    server {{ ntp }};
{% endfor %}
  }
  name-server {
{% for dns in lookup("system", "dns") %}
    {{ dns }};
{% endfor %}
  }
}

The equivalent template for Cisco IOS XR is:

{% for dns in lookup('system', 'dns') %}
domain vrf VRF-MANAGEMENT name-server {{ dns }}
{% endfor %}
!
{% for syslog in lookup('system', 'syslog') %}
logging {{ syslog }} vrf VRF-MANAGEMENT
{% endfor %}
!

There are three helper functions provided:

• devices() returns the list of devices matching a set of conditions on the scope. For example, devices("location==ussfo03", "groups==tor-bgp") returns the list of devices in San Francisco in the tor-bgp group. You can also omit the operator if you want the specified value to be equal to the one in the local scope. For example, devices("location") returns devices in the current location.
• lookup() does a key lookup. It takes the namespace, the key, and optionally, a device name. If not provided, the current device is assumed.
• scope() returns the scope of the provided device.

Here is how you would define iBGP sessions between edge devices in the same location:

{% for neighbor in devices("location", "groups==edge") if neighbor != device %}
  {% for address in lookup("topology", "addresses", neighbor).loopback|tolist %}
protocols bgp group IPV{{ address|ipv }}-EDGES-IBGP {
  neighbor {{ address }} {
    description "IPv{{ address|ipv }}: iBGP to {{ neighbor }}";
  }
}
  {% endfor %}
{% endfor %}

We also have a global key-value store to save information to be reused in another template or device. This is quite useful to automatically build DNS records. First, “capture” the IP address inserted into a template with store() as a filter:

interface Loopback0
 description 'Loopback:'
 {% for address in lookup('topology', 'addresses').loopback|tolist %}
 ipv{{ address|ipv }} address {{ address|store('addresses', 'Loopback0')|ipaddr('cidr') }}
 {% endfor %}
!

Then, reuse it later to build DNS records by iterating over store():⁵

{% for device, ip, interface in store('addresses') %}
  {% set interface = interface|replace('/', '-')|replace('.', '-')|replace(':', '-') %}
  {% set name = '{}.{}'.format(interface|lower, device) %}
{{ name }}. IN {{ 'A' if ip|ipv4 else 'AAAA' }} {{ ip|ipaddr('address') }}
{% endfor %}

Templates are compiled locally with ./run-jerikan build. The --limit argument restricts the devices to generate configuration files for. Build is not done in parallel because a template may depend on the data collected by another template. Currently, it takes 1 minute to compile around 3000 files spanning over 800 devices.

When an error occurs, a detailed traceback is displayed, including the template name, the line number and the value of all visible variables. This is a major time-saver compared to Ansible!

templates/opengear/config.j2:15: in top-level template code
    config.interfaces.{{ interface }}.netmask {{ infos.adddress | ipaddr("netmask") }}
        continent  = 'us'
        device     = 'con1-ag2.ussfo03.blade-group.net'
        environment = 'prod'
        host       = 'con1-ag2.ussfo03'
        infos      = {'address': '172.30.24.19/21'}
        interface  = 'wan'
        location   = 'ussfo03'
        loop       = <LoopContext 1/2>
        member     = '2'
        model      = 'cm7132-2-dac'
        os         = 'opengear'
        shorthost  = 'con1-ag2'
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

value = JerkianUndefined, query = 'netmask', version = False, alias = 'ipaddr'

[…]
        # Check if value is a list and parse each element
        if isinstance(value, (list, tuple, types.GeneratorType)):
            _ret = [ipaddr(element, str(query), version) for element in value]
            return [item for item in _ret if item]

>       elif not value or value is True:
E       jinja2.exceptions.UndefinedError: 'dict object' has no attribute 'adddress'

We don’t have general-purpose rules when writing templates. Like for the source of truth, there is no need to create generic templates able to produce any BGP configuration. There is a balance to be found between readability and avoiding duplication. Templates can become scary and complex: sometimes, it’s better to write a filter or a function in jerikan/jinja.py. Mastering Jinja2 is a good investment. Take time to browse through our templates as some of them show interesting features.

Checks#

Optionally, each configuration file can be validated by a script in the checks/ directory. Jerikan looks up the key checks in the build namespace to know which checks to run:

$ ./run-jerikan lookup edge1.ussfo03.blade-group.net build checks
- description: Juniper configuration file syntax check
  script: checks/junoser
  cache:
    input: config.txt
    output: config-set.txt
- description: check YAML data
  script: checks/data.yaml
  cache: data.yaml

In the above example, checks/junoser is executed if there is a change to the generated config.txt file. It also outputs a transformed version of the configuration file which is easier to understand when using diff. Junoser checks a Junos configuration file using Juniper’s XML schema definition for Netconf.⁶ On error, Jerikan displays:

jerikan/build.py:127: RuntimeError
-------------- Captured syntax check with Junoser call --------------
P: checks/junoser edge2.ussfo03.blade-group.net
C: /app/jerikan
O:
E: Invalid syntax:  set system syslog archive size 10m files 10 word-readable
S: 1

Integration into GitLab CI#

The next step is to compile the templates using a CI. As we are using GitLab, Jerikan ships with a .gitlab-ci.yml file. When we need to make a change, we create a dedicated branch and a merge request. GitLab compiles the templates using the same environment we use on our laptops and store them as an artifact.

Before approving the merge request, another team member looks at the changes in data and templates but also the differences for the generated configuration files:

Ansible#

After Jerikan has built the configuration files, Ansible takes over. It is also packaged as a Docker image to avoid the trouble to maintain the right Python virtual environment and ensure everyone is using the same versions.

Inventory#

Jerikan has generated an inventory file. It contains all the managed devices, the variables defined for each of them and the groups converted to Ansible groups:

ob1-n1.sk1.blade-group.net ansible_host=172.29.15.12 ansible_user=blade ansible_connection=network_cli ansible_network_os=ios
ob2-n1.sk1.blade-group.net ansible_host=172.29.15.13 ansible_user=blade ansible_connection=network_cli ansible_network_os=ios
ob1-n1.ussfo03.blade-group.net ansible_host=172.29.15.12 ansible_user=blade ansible_connection=network_cli ansible_network_os=ios
none ansible_connection=local

[oob]
ob1-n1.sk1.blade-group.net
ob2-n1.sk1.blade-group.net
ob1-n1.ussfo03.blade-group.net

[os-ios]
ob1-n1.sk1.blade-group.net
ob2-n1.sk1.blade-group.net
ob1-n1.ussfo03.blade-group.net

[model-c2960s]
ob1-n1.sk1.blade-group.net
ob2-n1.sk1.blade-group.net
ob1-n1.ussfo03.blade-group.net

[location-sk1]
ob1-n1.sk1.blade-group.net
ob2-n1.sk1.blade-group.net

[location-ussfo03]
ob1-n1.ussfo03.blade-group.net

[in-sync]
ob1-n1.sk1.blade-group.net
ob2-n1.sk1.blade-group.net
ob1-n1.ussfo03.blade-group.net
none

in-sync is a special group for devices which configuration should match the golden configuration. Daily and unattended, Ansible should be able to push configurations to this group. The mid-term goal is to cover all devices.

none is a special device for tasks not related to a specific host. This includes synchronizing NetBox, IRR objects, and the DNS, updating the RPKI, and building the geofeed files.

Playbook#

We use a single playbook for all devices. It is described in the ansible/playbooks/site.yaml file. Here is a shortened version:

- hosts: adm-gateway:!done
  strategy: mitogen_linear
  roles:
    - blade.linux
    - blade.adm-gateway
    - done

- hosts: os-linux:!done
  strategy: mitogen_linear
  roles:
    - blade.linux
    - done

- hosts: os-junos:!done
  gather_facts: false
  roles:
    - blade.junos
    - done

- hosts: os-opengear:!done
  gather_facts: false
  roles:
    - blade.opengear
    - done

- hosts: none:!done
  gather_facts: false
  roles:
    - blade.none
    - done

A host executes only one of the play. For example, a Junos device executes the blade.junos role. Once a play has been executed, the device is added to the done group and the other plays are skipped.

The playbook can be executed with the configuration files generated by the GitLab CI using the ./run-ansible-gitlab command. This is a wrapper around Docker and the ansible-playbook command and it accepts the same arguments. To deploy the configuration on the edge devices for the SK1 datacenter in “check” mode, we use:

$ ./run-ansible-gitlab playbooks/site.yaml --limit='edge:&location-sk1' --diff --check
[…]
PLAY RECAP *************************************************************
edge1.sk1.blade-group.net  : ok=6    changed=0    unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=3    rescued=0    ignored=0
edge2.sk1.blade-group.net  : ok=5    changed=0    unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=1    rescued=0    ignored=0

We have some rules when writing roles:

• --check must detect if a change is needed;
• --diff must provide a visualization of the planned changes;
• --check and --diff must not display anything if there is nothing to change;
• writing a custom module tailored to our needs is a valid solution;
• the whole device configuration is managed;⁷
• secrets must be stored in Vault;
• templates should be avoided as we have Jerikan for that; and
• avoid duplication and reuse tasks.⁸

We avoid using collections from Ansible Galaxy, the exception being collections to connect and interact with vendor devices, like cisco.iosxr collection. The quality of Ansible Galaxy collections is quite random and it is an additional maintenance burden. It seems better to write roles tailored to our needs. The collections we use are in ci/ansible/ansible-galaxy.yaml. We use Mitogen to get a 10× speedup on Ansible executions on Linux hosts.

We also have a few playbooks for operational purpose: upgrading the OS version, isolate an edge router, etc. We were also planning on how to add operational checks in roles: are all the BGP sessions up? They could have been used to validate a deployment—and rollback if there is an issue.

Currently, our playbooks are run from our laptops. To keep tabs, we are using ARA. A weekly dry-run on devices in the in-sync group also provides a dashboard on which devices we need to run Ansible on.

Configuration data and templates#

Jerikan ships with pre-populated data and templates matching the configuration of our USSFO03 and SK1 datacenters. They do not exist anymore but, we promise, all this was used in production back in the days! 😢

Notably, you can find the configuration for:

Our edge routers

Some are running on Junos, like edge2.ussfo03, the others on IOS XR, like edge1.sk1. The implemented functionalities are similar in both cases and we could swap one for the other. It includes the BGP configuration for transits, peerings, and IX as well as the associated BGP policies. PeeringDB is queried to get the maximum number of prefixes to accept for peerings. bgpq3 and a containerized IRRd help to filter received routes. A firewall is added to protect the routing engine. Both IPv4 and IPv6 are configured.

Our BGP-based fabric

BGP is used inside the datacenter⁹ and is extended on bare-metal hosts. The configuration is automatically derived from the device location and the port number.¹⁰ Top-of-the-rack devices are using passive BGP sessions for ports towards servers. They are also serving a provisioning network to let them boot using DHCP and PXE. They also act as a DHCP server. The design is multivendor. Some devices are running Cumulus Linux, like to1-p1.ussfo03, while some others are running Junos, like to1-p2.ussfo03.

Our out-of-band fabric

We are using Cisco Catalyst 2960 switches to build an L2 out-of-band network. To provide redundancy and saving a few bucks on wiring, we build small loops and run the spanning-tree protocol. See ob1-p1.ussfo03. It is redundantly connected to our gateway servers. We also use OpenGear devices for console access. See con1-n1.ussfo03

Our administrative gateways

These Linux servers have multiple purposes: SSH jump boxes, rescue connection, direct access to the out-of-band network, zero-touch provisioning of network devices,¹¹ Internet access for management flows, centralization of the console servers using Conserver, and API for autoconfiguration of BGP sessions for bare-metal servers. They are the first servers installed in a new datacenter and are used to provision everything else. Check both the generated files and the associated Ansible tasks.